Creating Databases and Tables: Using CREATE DATABASE and CREATE TABLE statements.

Modifying Tables: Using ALTER TABLE to add, delete, or modify columns.

Dropping Databases and Tables: Using DROP DATABASE and DROP TABLE statements.

Inserting Data: Using INSERT INTO to add new records to a table.

Updating Data: Using UPDATE to modify existing records.

Deleting Data: Using DELETE to remove records from a table.

Selecting Data: Using SELECT to query and retrieve data from tables.

Granting and Revoking Privileges: Using GRANT and REVOKE to control access to database objects.

Transactions: Understanding the concept of transactions and how to manage them using BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK.

Concurrency Control: Learning about isolation levels and locking mechanisms to handle concurrent access.

Joins: Using INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN to combine data from multiple tables.

Subqueries: Writing queries that use subqueries to retrieve data.

Aggregate Functions: Using functions like SUM, AVG, COUNT, and MAX to perform calculations on data sets.

Grouping and Sorting: Using GROUP BY and ORDER BY to group and sort query results.

Normalization: Learning about the principles of normalization to design efficient and scalable databases.

Denormalization: Understanding when and why to denormalize data for performance optimization.

Creating Views: Using CREATE VIEW to create virtual tables.

Using Indexes: Creating and using indexes to improve query performance.

Creating Stored Procedures: Writing and executing stored procedures using CREATE PROCEDURE.

Creating Functions: Writing and using user-defined functions.

Securing Databases: Implementing security measures to protect data.

Managing Permissions: Controlling access to database objects and data.